
Such an ‘unaverage’ (not a real word) experience befell our
illustrator, here at Sketchy Science, just last week. While on a trip to a
conference on the southeast coast of the United States, after a night of
partaking in the local libations, our sketchist (also not a real word) found himself
standing in the Atlantic ocean, when a rogue wave of epic (likely very small)
proportions tossed him asunder, claiming his glasses to the surf. I don’t
actually know if this is how it happened, but it is how I prefer to imagine it.
It is much funnier than him simply dropping his glasses in the water.
Regardless of how it happened, the result was a fumbling Mr.
Magoo-esque adventure through the airport, onto a plane, and back home to
Canada. It’s amazing how two pieces of glass (or plastic) can play such a major
role in a person’s life.
But how do glasses work and why do some of us need them? The
answer lies in the three most common problems with respect to how our eyeballs
function. The
four parts of your eye that impact your ability to see are, from front to
back - the cornea, which is the clear window on the front of your eye that lets
light in; the pupil (the black part), which widens or narrows to let in more or
less light; the lens, which bends and focuses the light; and the retina, which
is the back wall of your eyeball onto which images are focused before sending
impulses down the optic nerve into your brain for processing.
Most problems occur at the beginning of this whole
operation, with the cornea. The tricky thing about eyeballs is that they are
spheres, meaning that as light moves through their rounded surfaces, it bends.
If your eye is not shaped just right, the light coming in can focus at a point
that isn’t exactly on your retina.
If your cornea is exceptionally curvy, the light will bend
too much and focus in front of the retina, leading to nearsightedness and
trouble seeing distance objects; this is called Myopia.
If your cornea isn’t curvy enough, you have the opposite
problem with light focusing behind the retina leading to farsightedness and
trouble reading the newspaper; this is called Hyperopia.
If your cornea has a bump, ripple, or scratch on it, the
light gets distorted in other ways, and this is called Astigmatism.
Glasses – or “corrective lenses”, if we want to be more
accurate and inclusive of people with contact lenses – can correct these problems
by bending the light in a way that compensates for misshapen corneas. The
physics of light dictates that as light moves through a medium, such as glass, it
bends or “refracts” towards the thickest part of that medium. Lenses
are described as either “plus” or “minus” lenses depending on whether they are
thicker in the middle or towards the edges.
Plus lenses are thick in the middle and so bend light inwards,
leading to a focal point behind the lens itself. Pushing the focal point
backward corrects for Myopia. Minus lenses refract light towards their edges,
leading to a focal point that is actually in front of the lens itself. Moving
the focus forward corrects for Hyperopia. To make things even more fun, plus
and minus lenses can be combined to correct for more complicated vision
problems.
That is really all there is to it. This impressive but
simple technology has allowed people to see more clearly since the first pair
of spectacles adorned some nobleman’s nose between 1268
and 1289 in Italy, after being invented by someone whose name has been lost
to history. So, the person who thought up the way we still correct vision today
will forever go as unappreciated as the clear vision he sought to bestow upon the
masses, to only be admired when a rogue wave leaves one of us blinded.
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